Zinc is an essential trace element element found in humans. It is one of the transition metals found in the periodic table. Zinc is found in the muscle (65% content). However ,higher concentrations are found in the integumental tissues (i.e skin, hair and nails),the retina and the male reproductive organs. The average adult body contains between 10-15mg of zinc.
Richest sources of dietary zinc include whole grains(germs),seeds, nuts, eggs and leafy vegetables, shellfish, dairy products. Zinc is not really stored and is readily lost from the body through faeces, sweating, urine, menstruation. During tissue metabolism and repair, the amount of zinc excreted is greatly increased.
Zinc plays essential role in DNA synthesis and cell division, a constituent of many dehydrogenase enzymes, erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (essential for acid-base balance).anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) which mops up free reactive oxygen species that are cell destructive. Zinc is involved in the binding of insulin within the beta cells of Islets of Langerhans, necessary for male reproductive functions and spermatogenesis especially in the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells. Collagen synthesis and degradation is facilitated by collaginase, a zinc-dependent enzyme.
Zinc deficiency can result in thymic atrophy. Studies have also revealed that symptoms of growth retardation, skin lesions and impaired sexual development was observed in adolescent malnourished boys in Iran and Egypt and was traced to their consumption of phytate bread. Acrodermatitis enteroparthica with symptoms of severe skin lesions, diarrhea ,loss of hair (alopedica) and mental disturbances result from zinc deficiency.
Research has shown that zinc plays a significant role in skin and connective tissue metabolism. The Greeks used Calamine solution on the skin to treat disorders. Zinc, usually in the form of insoluble zinc oxide has been used as skin ointment in topical applications to treat a variety of dermatological disorders. Treatment of surgical patients daily with oral doses of 50mg zinc (as Zinc sulphate) has been shown to enhance wound healing. Chronic ulcers have been healed successfully by the use of oral Zinc sulphate which led to the increase of zinc plasma concentration to between 30-45µmole/L.
Sunday, December 20, 2009
BLOOD UREA NITROGEN AND CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
Urea is a by-product of amino acid catabolism which occurs in the liver. Urea is filtered by the glomerulus. The glomerular filtrate flows through the proximal tubule and urea is re-absorbed and returned to the blood stream. Blood urea levels are sensitive indicators of renal disease.
Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is termed Azotemia. Azotemia results from either protein catabolism or impaired kidney function. Elevated protein catabolism may result from the following; consumption of a high proteinous meal, upper gastro-intestinal tract bleeding in which case blood is being digested and absorbed. Azotemia can be pre-renal, renal and post-renal respectively.
Pre-renal azotemia results from underperfusion of the kidney and this is as a result of dehydration, mild glomerulonephritis, hemorrhagic shock and so on. These factors compromises renal blood flow with respect to tubular function. Urine sodium is normally low because the kidney responds to low blood flow by trying to retain all the sodium it can accommodate.
Renal azotemia usually results from acute tubular necrosis, chronic interstitial nephritis and chronic glomerulonephritis. Such patients may develop a disease condition called Isosthenuria.
Post-renal azotemia occurs as a result of obstruction of urinary flow as observed in prostate problems, kidney stones, tumours and carcinomas.
In acute renal failure, blood urea nitrogen increases around 20mg/dl each day.(Normal BUN is 8-25mg/dl or 2.9-8.9mmol).Decreased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may appear as a result of the following; lack of protein as seen in Celiac disease and in some patients with Nephrotic syndrome, severe liver disease such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, enzyme dysfunction and paracetamol toxicity.
Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is termed Azotemia. Azotemia results from either protein catabolism or impaired kidney function. Elevated protein catabolism may result from the following; consumption of a high proteinous meal, upper gastro-intestinal tract bleeding in which case blood is being digested and absorbed. Azotemia can be pre-renal, renal and post-renal respectively.
Pre-renal azotemia results from underperfusion of the kidney and this is as a result of dehydration, mild glomerulonephritis, hemorrhagic shock and so on. These factors compromises renal blood flow with respect to tubular function. Urine sodium is normally low because the kidney responds to low blood flow by trying to retain all the sodium it can accommodate.
Renal azotemia usually results from acute tubular necrosis, chronic interstitial nephritis and chronic glomerulonephritis. Such patients may develop a disease condition called Isosthenuria.
Post-renal azotemia occurs as a result of obstruction of urinary flow as observed in prostate problems, kidney stones, tumours and carcinomas.
In acute renal failure, blood urea nitrogen increases around 20mg/dl each day.(Normal BUN is 8-25mg/dl or 2.9-8.9mmol).Decreased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may appear as a result of the following; lack of protein as seen in Celiac disease and in some patients with Nephrotic syndrome, severe liver disease such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, enzyme dysfunction and paracetamol toxicity.
IRON-AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN LIVING ORGANISMS
Iron is the most abundant trace element found in the human body. It is one of the transition elements. The total amount of iron in the body ranges from 2-6grammes. The mean amount found in both males and females is 50mg/kg and 40mg/kg respectively. Studies show that erythrocytes contain 70% iron, ferritin 24% iron, myoglobin 4% iron. Dietary iron is predominantly in the form of organic complexes but ferrous and ferric iron and elemental iron are also present. The reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron is facilitated by the anti-oxidant action of vitamin C and by the sulphydryl groups of sulphur- containing amino acids. Hence, a diet containing plenty of vitamin C and protein enhances iron absorption.
Naturally chelated iron in the form of heme groups is present in meat and blood- containing tissues such as heart, liver, and kidney and is absorbed more readily than iron found in plants. Vegetarians are more likely to suffer iron deficiency since iron is less available in plants. Pumpkin leaves are a good source of iron. Brocoli has very good iron content and with probably little oxalate or phytate and so may be considered a good source of plant food iron. Eggs are low in iron because of the presence of phosvitin. Generally factors that inhibit calcium and magnesium absorption also inhibit iron absorption.
Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia. Iron deficiency appears to be more common in pre-menopausal women who are subject to menstrual bleedings and pregnancies than in men. Symptoms include feeling of weakness and lascitude, paraesthesia, koilomychia, glossitis and stomatitis.
The definitive diagnostic signs are low red blood cell count, low haemoglobin concentration ,low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration (MCHC). Treatment involves the following; by blood transfusion, giving iron supplements such as 250mg iron as ferrous sulphate (FeSo4) to adults, formulas supplemented with lactobionate can be given to infants and should be done with caution, and the consumption of ascorbate-containing fruits.
Iron toxicity should not be overlooked. Iron overload is a debilitating condition that results in the damage of the liver, heart, pancreas and so on. Two forms iron toxicity exists viz; genetic haemochromatosis and acquired haemochromatosis. Iron toxicity has been observed in children who consumed large quantities of iron-containing tablets. Treatment of iron toxicity is done via the following ways; inducing emesis to get rid of unabsorbed iron, the use of desferrioxamine-B a high affinity, iron chelating agent obtained from Streptomyces opilosus can provide relief.
Iron is an essential element need in life processes. However ,care should be taken so that iron deficiency do not result from poor nutrition and iron toxicity resulting from indiscriminate consumption.
Naturally chelated iron in the form of heme groups is present in meat and blood- containing tissues such as heart, liver, and kidney and is absorbed more readily than iron found in plants. Vegetarians are more likely to suffer iron deficiency since iron is less available in plants. Pumpkin leaves are a good source of iron. Brocoli has very good iron content and with probably little oxalate or phytate and so may be considered a good source of plant food iron. Eggs are low in iron because of the presence of phosvitin. Generally factors that inhibit calcium and magnesium absorption also inhibit iron absorption.
Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia. Iron deficiency appears to be more common in pre-menopausal women who are subject to menstrual bleedings and pregnancies than in men. Symptoms include feeling of weakness and lascitude, paraesthesia, koilomychia, glossitis and stomatitis.
The definitive diagnostic signs are low red blood cell count, low haemoglobin concentration ,low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration (MCHC). Treatment involves the following; by blood transfusion, giving iron supplements such as 250mg iron as ferrous sulphate (FeSo4) to adults, formulas supplemented with lactobionate can be given to infants and should be done with caution, and the consumption of ascorbate-containing fruits.
Iron toxicity should not be overlooked. Iron overload is a debilitating condition that results in the damage of the liver, heart, pancreas and so on. Two forms iron toxicity exists viz; genetic haemochromatosis and acquired haemochromatosis. Iron toxicity has been observed in children who consumed large quantities of iron-containing tablets. Treatment of iron toxicity is done via the following ways; inducing emesis to get rid of unabsorbed iron, the use of desferrioxamine-B a high affinity, iron chelating agent obtained from Streptomyces opilosus can provide relief.
Iron is an essential element need in life processes. However ,care should be taken so that iron deficiency do not result from poor nutrition and iron toxicity resulting from indiscriminate consumption.
HORMONES AND THEIR MEDICAL RELEVANCE
Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body or in a plant that encourages growth or influences how the cells and tissues function. Hormones act through specific high-affinity cellular receptors. Studies have shown that the locus of the interaction between hormone and receptor may be extracellular, cytosolic or nuclear depending on the hormone type. There is usually a change in membrane potential as a result of the opening or closing of a hormone-gated ion channel.
The mode of classification of hormones is as follows; endocrine hormones, paracrine hormones, and autocrine hormones. Endocrine hormones are released into the blood and carried to target tissues and cells throughout the body. Paracrine hormones are released into the extracellular space and diffuse into neighbouring target cells. Autocrine hormones are released by and affect the same cell, binding to receptors on the cell surface. Hormones can be grouped as follows; peptide hormones,catecholamine hormones and steroid hormones.
Peptide hormones are water-soluble and act extracellularly by binding to cell surface receptors that span the plasma membrane. They require the use of a second intracellular messenger such as cyclic AMP (cAMP).Examples include the pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and somastostatin,the parathyroid hormone and all the hormones of the hypothalamus and pitutiary. These hormones are concerned with carbohydrate metabolism and so on.
Catecholamines are produced in the brain and other neural tissues. They are water-soluble compounds and have tyrosine as their precursor. They function as neurotransmitters (e.g dopamine).The adrenal glands synthesize epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are released by exocytosis from their secretory vessicles. They also mediate a wide variety of physiological responses.
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble. Their precursor is cholesterol. They travel to their target cells through the blood stream bound to carrier proteins. They are classified as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens and estrogen. Glucocorticoids (e.g cortisol) primarily affect carbohydrate metabolism, mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone regulate electrolyte concentrations in the blood. Androgens and estrogens are synthesized in the testes and ovaries. Testosterone and progesterone are sex hormones and affect sexual development and a variety or reproductive functions. Recent research indicates that they have more rapid effects, mediated by receptors localized in the plasma membrane.
Hormone replacement therapy is an invaluable tool used in the treatment of diseases. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) can be treated by beta cell replacement therapy, infertility can also be treated by carrying out a hormonal assay/profile on sex hormones found in humans to know their levels.
Hormones are invaluable chemical messengers whose roles are very vital in living organisms as they mediate metabolic and physiological processes.
The mode of classification of hormones is as follows; endocrine hormones, paracrine hormones, and autocrine hormones. Endocrine hormones are released into the blood and carried to target tissues and cells throughout the body. Paracrine hormones are released into the extracellular space and diffuse into neighbouring target cells. Autocrine hormones are released by and affect the same cell, binding to receptors on the cell surface. Hormones can be grouped as follows; peptide hormones,catecholamine hormones and steroid hormones.
Peptide hormones are water-soluble and act extracellularly by binding to cell surface receptors that span the plasma membrane. They require the use of a second intracellular messenger such as cyclic AMP (cAMP).Examples include the pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and somastostatin,the parathyroid hormone and all the hormones of the hypothalamus and pitutiary. These hormones are concerned with carbohydrate metabolism and so on.
Catecholamines are produced in the brain and other neural tissues. They are water-soluble compounds and have tyrosine as their precursor. They function as neurotransmitters (e.g dopamine).The adrenal glands synthesize epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are released by exocytosis from their secretory vessicles. They also mediate a wide variety of physiological responses.
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble. Their precursor is cholesterol. They travel to their target cells through the blood stream bound to carrier proteins. They are classified as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens and estrogen. Glucocorticoids (e.g cortisol) primarily affect carbohydrate metabolism, mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone regulate electrolyte concentrations in the blood. Androgens and estrogens are synthesized in the testes and ovaries. Testosterone and progesterone are sex hormones and affect sexual development and a variety or reproductive functions. Recent research indicates that they have more rapid effects, mediated by receptors localized in the plasma membrane.
Hormone replacement therapy is an invaluable tool used in the treatment of diseases. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) can be treated by beta cell replacement therapy, infertility can also be treated by carrying out a hormonal assay/profile on sex hormones found in humans to know their levels.
Hormones are invaluable chemical messengers whose roles are very vital in living organisms as they mediate metabolic and physiological processes.
Saturday, November 14, 2009
ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOASSAY AND ITS MEDICAL RELEVANCE
Enzyme linked immunoassay commonly known as ELISA allows for rapid screening and quantification of the presence of an antigen in a sample. The principle guiding ELISA is as follows; a non-specific protein is used to wash a polystyrene plate inorder to block other proteins introduced in subsequent steps during the assay. The polystyrene is then treated with a solution which has the primary antibody. This is usually an antibody against the protein of interest. The unbound antibody is washed away and the surface is treated with a solution containing antibodies against the primary antibody.
These secondary antibodies have been linked to an enzyme that catalyses a reaction that forms a coloured product. The unbound secondary antibody is washed away, and the substrate of the antibody-linked enzyme is added.
Product formation (which is seen as colour intensity) is proportional to the concentration of the protein of interest in the sample.
Enzyme linked immunoassay is useful in the clinical laboratory for the diagnosis of Hepatitis B surface antigen, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Herpes Simplex virus. Hepatitis is a liver disease that is associated with elevated levels of both direct (conjugated) and indirect plasma bilirubin. It is accompanied by jaundice. Human Immunodeficiency Virus results in Acquired Immune Defeciency Syndrome (AIDS).It results from opportunistic infections and ultimately results in death. Virologists and Immunologists are carrying out detailed research in the discovery of HIV vaccine, a cure to this global pandemic.
These secondary antibodies have been linked to an enzyme that catalyses a reaction that forms a coloured product. The unbound secondary antibody is washed away, and the substrate of the antibody-linked enzyme is added.
Product formation (which is seen as colour intensity) is proportional to the concentration of the protein of interest in the sample.
Enzyme linked immunoassay is useful in the clinical laboratory for the diagnosis of Hepatitis B surface antigen, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Herpes Simplex virus. Hepatitis is a liver disease that is associated with elevated levels of both direct (conjugated) and indirect plasma bilirubin. It is accompanied by jaundice. Human Immunodeficiency Virus results in Acquired Immune Defeciency Syndrome (AIDS).It results from opportunistic infections and ultimately results in death. Virologists and Immunologists are carrying out detailed research in the discovery of HIV vaccine, a cure to this global pandemic.
PROTEINS-ESSENTIAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE
Proteins are macromolecules found in all living things. Proteins are naturally occurring polypeptides composed of monomers called amino acids. Proteins show great diversity such as enzymes, keratin, melanin and so on. The common feature associated with proteins irrespective of their structure is specificity. For instance, haemoglobin and myoglobin specifically binds molecular oxygen, enzymes bind to specific foreign bodies during immunological responses.
Proteins can either be simple or conjugated. Simple proteins are composed of amino acids while conjugated proteins contain other compounds apart from amino acids. Examples of simple proteins are glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and so on while conjugated proteins include glycoproteins and proteoglycans, lipoproteins. Glycoproteins and proteoglycans have carbohydrates as their prosthetic groups while lipoproteins have lipids as their prosthetic groups.
Proteins are known to fulfill diverse biochemical roles. It is also pertinent to note that functions of proteins are understood with respect to how the structure of such proteins allow the specific binding of particular molecules. The following are functions performed by proteins viz; enzymatic activity, transport and storage, mechanical functions, movement, protection and information processing.
Enzymes are known as biological catalysts and proteins.They are capable of enhancing rates of reactions by factors of about 1012. Haemoglobin and myoglobin are transport proteins. They are able to bind specifically to molecular oxygen. Haemoglobin makes oxygen to be readily available to tissues. Ferritin,is a protein that stores iron in various tissues.
Proteins perform structural functions. For instance, collagen provides tensile strength in skin, teeth and bone. Cell membranes and cell organelles are also partly composed of proteins. Movement via the use of muscles is enhanced by the interaction between protein filaments actin and myosin with myosin facilitating the enzymatic process that converts chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy.
Antibodies and immunoglobulins are proteins found in mammals and they confer immunity by eliciting immunological responses. They also interact with complement to phagoticize and lyse foreign cells leading to their destruction. Signal transduction can be produced from hormones and light intensity detected by specific protein receptors which are capable of transfering the signal to the target cells via the process of biosignalling.For instance, in the biochemistry of vision, rhodopsin,a visual protein located in the retinal photoreceptors called rods and cones play an invaluable role in vision.
The role of proteins as building blocks in living organisms cannot be overemphasized. Hence, the need to consume proteinous foods should be encouraged.
Proteins can either be simple or conjugated. Simple proteins are composed of amino acids while conjugated proteins contain other compounds apart from amino acids. Examples of simple proteins are glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and so on while conjugated proteins include glycoproteins and proteoglycans, lipoproteins. Glycoproteins and proteoglycans have carbohydrates as their prosthetic groups while lipoproteins have lipids as their prosthetic groups.
Proteins are known to fulfill diverse biochemical roles. It is also pertinent to note that functions of proteins are understood with respect to how the structure of such proteins allow the specific binding of particular molecules. The following are functions performed by proteins viz; enzymatic activity, transport and storage, mechanical functions, movement, protection and information processing.
Enzymes are known as biological catalysts and proteins.They are capable of enhancing rates of reactions by factors of about 1012. Haemoglobin and myoglobin are transport proteins. They are able to bind specifically to molecular oxygen. Haemoglobin makes oxygen to be readily available to tissues. Ferritin,is a protein that stores iron in various tissues.
Proteins perform structural functions. For instance, collagen provides tensile strength in skin, teeth and bone. Cell membranes and cell organelles are also partly composed of proteins. Movement via the use of muscles is enhanced by the interaction between protein filaments actin and myosin with myosin facilitating the enzymatic process that converts chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy.
Antibodies and immunoglobulins are proteins found in mammals and they confer immunity by eliciting immunological responses. They also interact with complement to phagoticize and lyse foreign cells leading to their destruction. Signal transduction can be produced from hormones and light intensity detected by specific protein receptors which are capable of transfering the signal to the target cells via the process of biosignalling.For instance, in the biochemistry of vision, rhodopsin,a visual protein located in the retinal photoreceptors called rods and cones play an invaluable role in vision.
The role of proteins as building blocks in living organisms cannot be overemphasized. Hence, the need to consume proteinous foods should be encouraged.
CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT
Cancer is a diseased growth in the body that often causes death. Cancer cells are referred to as oncogenes. Oncology is defined as the study of an abnormal mass of tissue or an abnormal cell population with a capacity for progressive growth. Persistence of growth is an important feature of cancerous or tumour cell that distinguishes them from other neoplastic cells. The neoplasm or new growth can either be benign (not dangerous) or malignant (harmful or dangerous).
Malignant tumours are divided into two groups viz; carcinomas and sarcomas. Carcinomas are composed of epithelial cells while sarcomas consist of connective tissues. Malignant cells prefer anaerobic glycolysis and produce more lactic acid than normal cells. Examples of cancers include lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer.
Two important concepts that are necessary for the treatment of cancers include growth fraction and cell cycle.Growth fraction has the following information; proportion of rapidly dividing neoplastic cells that effectively respond to chemotherapy, percentage of actively dividing cells in the cell cycle, an index of tumour enlargement. The cell cycle have various phases such as the synthesis phase (S-phase),mitosis phase (M-phase),gap phase represented by G1 and G2 respectively(here RNA synthesis ,protein synthesis and production of initiator proteins occur.),G0 represents the period when the cell go into a state of rest.
Cancer can be treated through the combination of three methods viz; surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgery involves the removal of malignant tumours from the affected part. For instance,lumpectomy involves the removal of malignant tumours from the breast. Radiotherapy employs the use of controlled radiation to treat malignant tumours. Effective chemotherapeutic approach to the treatment of cancer is based on the proper understanding of growth fraction and cell cycle concept. Growth fraction is an index of tumour enlargement and a higher growth fraction yields better results with chemotherapy.
Chemotherapeutic or anti-tumour drugs have the ability of affecting the various phases in the cell cycle. Antimetabolites are S-phase specific and examples include 5-fluorouracil,6-mecarptopurine,metotextrate and arabinosylcytosine. Vinca alkaloids are M-phase specific; two compounds are used which are vincaleucoblastine(VBL) and vincristine (VCR). Non-cell specific chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard, triethylenemelamine, and triethylene phosphorimide and antibiotics such as Actinomycin D, Adriamycin and so on.
It is also pertinent to note that anti-tumour drugs are associated with toxicity. Their therapeutic dose should be strictly obeyed. Examples of such effects include bone marrow depression, depletion of blood cells, loss of hair and so on.
The use Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is invaluable in the detection of cancerous growth in organs of the body.Conclusively,early detection of cancerous growth would ultimately enhance effective treatment of carcinomas and sarcomas occurring in humans.
Malignant tumours are divided into two groups viz; carcinomas and sarcomas. Carcinomas are composed of epithelial cells while sarcomas consist of connective tissues. Malignant cells prefer anaerobic glycolysis and produce more lactic acid than normal cells. Examples of cancers include lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer.
Two important concepts that are necessary for the treatment of cancers include growth fraction and cell cycle.Growth fraction has the following information; proportion of rapidly dividing neoplastic cells that effectively respond to chemotherapy, percentage of actively dividing cells in the cell cycle, an index of tumour enlargement. The cell cycle have various phases such as the synthesis phase (S-phase),mitosis phase (M-phase),gap phase represented by G1 and G2 respectively(here RNA synthesis ,protein synthesis and production of initiator proteins occur.),G0 represents the period when the cell go into a state of rest.
Cancer can be treated through the combination of three methods viz; surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgery involves the removal of malignant tumours from the affected part. For instance,lumpectomy involves the removal of malignant tumours from the breast. Radiotherapy employs the use of controlled radiation to treat malignant tumours. Effective chemotherapeutic approach to the treatment of cancer is based on the proper understanding of growth fraction and cell cycle concept. Growth fraction is an index of tumour enlargement and a higher growth fraction yields better results with chemotherapy.
Chemotherapeutic or anti-tumour drugs have the ability of affecting the various phases in the cell cycle. Antimetabolites are S-phase specific and examples include 5-fluorouracil,6-mecarptopurine,metotextrate and arabinosylcytosine. Vinca alkaloids are M-phase specific; two compounds are used which are vincaleucoblastine(VBL) and vincristine (VCR). Non-cell specific chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard, triethylenemelamine, and triethylene phosphorimide and antibiotics such as Actinomycin D, Adriamycin and so on.
It is also pertinent to note that anti-tumour drugs are associated with toxicity. Their therapeutic dose should be strictly obeyed. Examples of such effects include bone marrow depression, depletion of blood cells, loss of hair and so on.
The use Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is invaluable in the detection of cancerous growth in organs of the body.Conclusively,early detection of cancerous growth would ultimately enhance effective treatment of carcinomas and sarcomas occurring in humans.
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